What is printmaking?

Printmaking is any art form that involves transferring one image, from one
 surface to another. Most often this includes a "printing plate" or some kind of matrix being pressed onto paper.  Various printmaking methods include: 

intaglio:  etching acid techniques such as line, aquatint, soft ground, lift
 ground, embossing;  Non acid techniques include:  engraving, dry point, mezzotint,
 crible

relief:  wood engraving, wood cuts, linocut, rubbings, etching, collagraph,
 embossing, stamping

stencil or serigraphy: Silk screen, screen printing, stencils and rubbings are the
only printmaking methods that do not involve working in a mirror image
 (backwards).  Screen printing involves creating a stencil that will block out ink
 being pushed through a fine fabric screen.  The screen is stretched over a frame
 A stencil design is adhered to the screen and a thin layer of ink is pushed
 through the screen with a squeegee. Serigraphy is a fine art term for screen printing.

intaglio prints:  Refers to many processes involving incising the printing plate
 with lines or shapes. The image is cut into the plate by the use of acids or tools
 When the image is complete, the artist/printmaker applies an ink to the surface
 of the plate, pushing the ink into the lines and crevices of the plate. Next,
 the ink remaining on the surface is wiped off carefully to prevent ink from being
 lifted out of the plates recesses.  The plate is then pressed onto printmaking paper which transfers the image. Usually this printing requires a etching press to provide the
 intense and consistent pressure needed to push the soft rag paper into the recesses
 of the plate to lift the ink out.

relief prints:  Relief printing is the opposite of the intaglio method. The top
 surface of the plate is inked and ink is omitted from the groves and therefore the
 indented areas do not print with color. The top surface of the plate makes contact with the paper and transfers the image. Rubbings can be created from most relief
 plates. Simply place a thin piece of paper over the plate surface and rub the side
 of a drawing stick(s) (crayon, color pencil, charcoal, graphite).

monotypes: A painting on a smooth plate and pressed and transferred on to
 printmaking paper.  This allows the artist to manipulate the ink differently and
 in many more ways than if they applied or painted the ink directly to the paper.
 This creates a one-of-a-kind print that is also a type of painting on paper.

collagraphs: Collagraphs are created by collaged textures on to a printing plate,
 usually made of masonite, mat board or plexi-glass. The surface is inked usually
 as an intaglio plate but also can be treated as a relief plate or both. The textures
 are receptive to ink in various ways and a wide variety of surfaces can be created.

monoprints: Monoprints are one-of-a-kind prints that have a certain
characteristic that is inherent in all of the prints it creates. If an artist creates
 monoprints from an etching plate for example; each print should be treated very differently with the use of inks, ink colors, masking or use of other plates in
 combination to create a "unique" print. Also other techniques or processes
 may be involved to make this print different from all others. Monoprints are
 used to create and explore variations of an image.

edition prints: This involves creating many prints with the same plate(s) that
 create virtually the same image.  Each print will be very consistent in
 technique and method. This group of prints are numbered in consecutive
 order and signed by the artist in a limited edition.  You will notice two numbers,
one above the other. Example: 14/75. This would represent the fourteenth print of an addition of seventy five prints.

An Intaglio Etching Press

The intaglio press concept is over 400 years old and
works like a wringer washing machine.  The press bed is
 fed through the rollers which create almost two tons of resistant pressure, pushing the plate and paper together
to produce a print.

The inked printing plate and rag printmaking paper
 are placed under felt blankets that cushion and help
 push the paper into the inked plate.

For each impression the plate must be re-inked and
 intaglio plates must also be wiped.  The excess ink must be skillfully wiped off
 of the plate surface while leaving ink in the etched, engraved or recessed areas
of the plate.

 An intaglio press can be used to produce prints from processes such as etching, engraving, linoleum relief printing, wood-cut relief printing, embossment, monotype,
collagraph, photocopy transfer, and aluminium plate lithography.

This press was designed and constructed by Douglas E.  Taylor.  It’s rollers are 25 inches wide and the press
bed, where the printing plates and print paper is placed,
 is 30 inches wide and 72 inches long. Three specific
felt blankets cushion the print and plate as the entire
bed rolls between the two steel rollers. It was designed with an electric motor to help minimize the press size.  Traditionally etching presses are hand-cranked with a wheel or crank handle that protrudes into the working space of a studio.

 copyright 1995 Douglas E. Taylor

Mixed-process printmaking is a phrase Douglas E. Taylor created to describe his innovative process of making prints.  He combines several processes in one print, usually about six different processes. These printmaking processes may include: various etching techniques, dry-point, monotype, collagraph, various relief processes such a woodcut, Linoleum and collagraph as a relief process, stenciling and masking, and a special offset technique related to “counter-proofs”. 

Counter-proofs were used extensively by Edgar Degas in conjunction with his famous monotypes. Degas discovered that he could make good use of his time and energy with the unique qualities of the printmaking process. A freshly printed print can be virtually used as a printing plate.  He would place another sheet of printmaking paper on top of the freshly printed print. He would run the sandwiched papers together, through the intaglio printing press.  The fresh ink would transfer a ghost (slightly lighter) image onto the new print paper, in a mirror image.  The reversed image would help in accessing the composition, seeing it backwards as in a mirror.  Awkward or unbalanced features would show up and be more obvious to the artist.  Degas would often work (draw) over these counter-proofs with masterful dry pastel layers.

Vista Gallery artists that involve themselves in printmaking are:

Brooke Bishop
Ingrid Evans
Elizabeth Paganelli
Douglas E. Taylor